Who Came Up with the Names “Protestant” and “Denominational”?

Luther, a Catholic priest, dissented from Catholicism. Initially, he and his followers were called “Protestants” in derision in 1629. The term Protestants was applied shortly to all of the Reformers who dissented from Catholicism (McClintock and Strong). Differences among Reformers and their groups within Protestantism led to polarization or denominating themselves with names and creeds to distinguish them from each other as well as from the Catholic Church. The word “denominationalism” was coined in America for these diverse Protestant groups (Schaff). Works Cited McClintock, John and John Strong. “Protestants.” McClintock-Strong Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Seattle:  Biblesoft, 2000. Schaff, Philip. “Protestantism and Denominationalism.”History of the Christian Church. CD-ROM. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997.

Who Was the First Pope?

Catholic theology claims that apostle Peter was the first pope, though neither the Bible nor the historical record reveals whether he ever visited Rome. Catholic lists of supposed popes from the time of Peter onward disagree with each other respecting the order different persons and the years they were said to serve as pope. Though for many years the Roman church tried to claim for itself supremacy, dissenters to those aspirations were many. The first pope, in the real sense of the word, was Leo I (440-461). Being endowed by nature with the old Roman spirit of dominion, and being looked upon by his contemporaries, in consequence both of his character and his position, as the most eminent man of the age, he developed in his mind the ideal of an ecclesiastical monarchy, with the pope at the head, and endeavored with great energy to transform the constitution of the Church in conformity with his ideal. (McClintock and Strong) Yet, still Leo I was not universally recognized as pope and no one was viewed as such for centuries to come. Boniface III claimed for himself universal pope in A.D. 607 and the Emperor bestowed the title of universal pope on Boniface III in A.D. 606 (McClintock and Strong, “Boniface, Pope” and “Oceumenical Bishop”). Neither the word “pope” nor any teaching about the “pope” appears in Scripture. Rather than a centralized government ascribed to successors of Peter, the New Testament describes independent, self-governing congregations that follow New Testament instruction (1 Timothy 3:1-6; Titus 1:5-9; …

Do Our Loved Ones in Heaven Guide and Comfort Us?

The spirits of departed people are in Hades, the place where the souls of the dead await the Second Coming of Jesus Christ and final judgment (Luke 16:19-23 ASV). It is clear from the context of Luke 16:19-23 that though the dead desire to affect the living favorably, they cannot communicate with the living. Further, the apostle Paul assured the Thessalonians that the living and the dead would meet the Lord together in the last day (i.e., neither living nor dead saints will precede the other into heaven, 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18). In answer to the question, then: (1) Our loved ones are not in heaven as no saints have entered heaven, yet; (2) no, the dead cannot guide, comfort or communicate with the living.

Is There a Second Chance for Departed Souls?

The instrument through whom God’s saving message was preached was Noah, during the 120 years of the Ark’s preparation and before the universal flood, according to 1 Peter 3:18-20. Jesus essentially went to the antediluvians with his message while they were yet alive, through the agency of Noah the preacher (2 Peter 2:5). Both 1 Peter 3:19 and 1 Peter 4:6 refer to persons who were dead when Peter wrote, but who were alive when they were told God’s Word. The sense is that at judgment there will be no excuse, as the living and the dead were made aware of God’s Word. Not elsewhere in either testament of the Bible, and consequently, not in 1 Peter either does Scripture teach that a person can opt to be saved after death. There is no second chance for departed souls to be saved!

Why Doesn’t God Let Job be Healthy in the Book of Job?

God is not directly responsible for the tragedies that befell Job, including his poor health; God did not cause Job to suffer or to be sick. It is true, though, that God did not prevent Job from suffering or becoming ill. The Book of Job provides a behind-the-scenes view of the viciousness with which Satan pursues humans and wants to harm them (physically and spiritually). Before Satan tempted the first pair in the Garden of Eden to disobey God, there was no sickness or death. After Adam and Eve sinned, they were thrust from God’s Garden and the Tree of Life (Genesis 3). Though mankind today does not suffer the guilt of Adam and Eve’s sin (Ezekiel 18:20), all humanity suffers the consequences of Adam and Eve’s sin (i.e., disease and death, 1 Corinthians 15:22). Disease, death and tragedy are in the world today because of man’s sin, which Satan encouraged. Satan is still described as man’s most fearsome enemy: “Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour” (1 Peter 5:8).

How Long Was Paul in Jail?

Paul spent a night in Jail at Philippi (Acts 16:23-40). The apostle Paul was arrested by Roman soldiers in about A.D. 57 and whisked away from a mob of Jews who were trying to beat Paul to death (Acts 21:30-33). He remained in Roman custody for two years in Palestine (Acts 24:27). In addition, the apostle spent two years in Rome under house arrest (Acts 28:30). The biblical record may indicate a second imprisonment of Paul (2 Timothy). Secular history records that this second imprisonment in Rome concluded with Paul’s execution in A.D. 68. The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia says that Paul was a prisoner for five years. Works Cited International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. CD-ROM. Seattle: Biblesoft, 1996.

How Many Half Brothers and Sisters Did Jesus Have?

The New Testament names four brothers of Jesus and indicates that he had at least two sisters (whose names do not appear in Scripture). “Is not this the carpenter’s son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? And his sisters, are they not all with us? Whence then hath this man all these things? (Matthew 13:55-56).

Thoughts About Balance

When I attend a lecture program at one of our Christian colleges and listen to a wide variety of lectures and messages of various intensity and subject matter, I am more impressed than ever with the need for balance, perspective and Christian maturity in our thinking, living and teaching. We are aware that sometimes those who write or speak about the need for a “middle of the road” approach are understood, or misunderstood, to mean that we should have a broad ecumenical spirit that really stands for nothing and falls for everything. Then those critics who claim to be “set for the defense of the gospel” may leave the impression that “the gospel” is whatever concept they have gained about any truth they think the Bible reveals. We have heard, and probably conducted “gospel meetings” that were actually just sermons or lectures on Bible subjects. The longer I live, the more convinced I am that a large number of problems in the church from the first century to this one are related to, if not caused by, a lack of BALANCE in attitude and teaching. The balance of which we speak does not demand in any way the compromising in any degree the truths of God, or even anything we THINK to be the truth, but it does demand that we have the attitude expressed by Paul in Romans 14:1-5 and Romans 15:1. Let us illustrate this balance in terms of historical events and doctrines as well as in the …

God’s Agenda for Christian Women

Why was the woman created? After everything God created, the Bible says, “Then God saw everything that He had made, and indeed it was very good” (Genesis 1:31a). Then the Lord God said, “It is not good that man should be alone; I will make a helper comparable to him” (Genesis 2:18). God created woman to be a helpmate or a helper suitable for man mentally, spiritually, emotionally, socially and physically. Since woman is half of the human creation, her role is vitally important. The problem arises when either the man or the woman neglect his or her God-given role and attempt to cross over and presume the role of the other. Men and women are equal before God, but are given different roles within that equality. Webster defines the word “agenda” as a list, plan or outline of things to be done, matters to be acted or voted upon. Looking at God’s agenda for women, he has a plan of work for them to fulfill and matters to be acted upon. Unlike man’s agendas, however, there is no place whatsoever for their vote! In Genesis 1:28, God gives the instruction to be fruitful and multiply. Being fruitful is to have purpose, direction and focus in life. To multiply is to take part in the continuance of the human race. When Satan approached Eve about the forbidden fruit, she said in Genesis 3:3 that God said do not eat and do not touch for in the day they did they would …

Fear — The Random and the Right

There is a difference between random fear and righteous, godly fear. Random crimes cause whole communities to live in a justifiable paranoia. Terrorists, by definition, leave some of that effect upon a country. Those affected painfully note the absence of even distorted reason behind acts of violence. The slain and injured committed no particular crime, offended no particular crime boss and warranted no such treatment. Being in the wrong place at the wrong time was their tragic misfortune. The living about them mourn — and worry. Who might be next? The behavior of individuals doesn’t matter. Living righteously will not ensure exemption from the sniper’s bullet or the terrorist’s hate. This is random fear. The Christian has the opportunity to overcome random fear with the victory of faith. Jittery though he might be, the Christian knows of bliss beyond temporal sufferings in this life. He knows of justice beyond a world of injustices. But, the Christian still fears. Yes, 1 John 4:18 taunts “perfect love casts out fear,” but Philippians 2:12 reminds the saved to work out their salvation “with fear and trembling.” There is a fear of God that is justified; but it is so much better than random fear. And it is so for that very reason — it is just. Violent men who try to play God by instilling fear in a locale’s citizenry do so arbitrarily, without any sense of fair play. God, however, is a righteous judge (1 Timothy 4:8). He is quite different in …

Money Matters

It is said that money meant little to Albert Einstein. When he joined the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, the salary he requested was so low that officials had to double it to preserve the Institute’s standards. It is reported he once used a $1500.00 check from the Rockefeller Foundation as a bookmark, then lost the book. The Foundation’s records were out of kilter for months. When they finally sent a duplicate check, Einstein wrote back, “What’s this for?” Someone has written: “Dug from the mountain side, and washed in the glen. Servant am I, or master of men. Steal me, I curse you. Earn me, I bless you. Grasp me, and hoard me, a friend shall possess you. Lie for me. Die for me. Covet me. Take me. Angel and devil, I am what you make me.” The Bible doesn’t say that money is evil, but it does say that the “love of money” is the root of all evil (1 Timothy 6:10). The more prosperous we are, the greater the temptation. The apostle Paul warned: “But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition” (1 Timothy 6:10). He further advised Timothy: “Charge them that are rich in this world, that they be not high-minded, nor trust in uncertain riches, but in the living God, who gives us richly all things to enjoy” (1 Timothy 6:17). Jesus had much to say about the …

Why Should We Study About Spiritual Miraculous Gifts?

Question: “Why should we study 1 Corinthians 12-14 today? Since miraculous spiritual gifts are no longer available (1 Corinthians 13:10; Ephesians 4:11-13), how are these chapters applicable to the church in the 21st century?” Answer: There are a number of reasons why we need to investigate these inspired chapters. For example: To help us distinguish between the temporary and permanent. Many of our Pentecostal friends insist that miraculous gifts continue to be exercised today. While sincere in their convictions, they fail to recognize that the special “corroborating” measures (Hebrews 2:3-4) of the Spirit were intended to sustain the church only until such time as the written New Testament was completed. These gifts were never meant to be employed as an on-going or age-lasting means of producing faith.1 To help reinforce the fact that miraculous gifts were actually present in the first-century. It is not uncommon to find those who deny the reality of the Holy Spirit’s work and power in Scripture. In his book, Deceptions and Myths of the Bible, Lloyd Graham states: “It takes a lot of ignorance to believe this literally, yet, literally, millions do. And then we wonder what’s wrong with our world. What better world would you expect of such ignorance?” The Humanist Manifesto II [Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1973, p. 16] claims to “find insufficient evidence for belief in the existence of the supernatural.” Thomas Jefferson, one-time president of the United States, scissored from his Bible all references to the miraculous. David Hume, the nineteenth-century English skeptic, categorically denied …

A Unique Church

All that is involved in the Lord’s simple promise, “I will build my church” (Matthew 16:18), is beyond human comprehension. From everlasting to everlasting is its scope. Fascinating and gripping is a study of the universe’s greatest institution. In a realm alone it stands by itself, unique, solitary, a sui generius, a monogenes, the only one of its kind. I. NOT UNIQUE IN LANGUAGE The word on Jesus’ lips in his promise to erect his church, ekklesia (a “called-out group”), was not unique, and by itself, it has no religious or sacred meaning. To the Greeks a group of people “called out” for a town meeting or to see an Olympic race would be named an ekklesia. Luke employed the word in describing an angry mob seeking to kill Paul (Acts 19:32, 41, where it is translated not “church” but “assembly”). Also, just as an unlawful assembly could be styled an ekklesia, so a lawful assembly the Ephesian town clerk designated as an ekklesia (Acts 19:39). Furthermore, a large group of Israelites (called out of Egypt by Moses into a wilderness) Stephen described as an ekklesia (Acts 7:38, mistranslated “church” in the KJV and the ASV). To us the word ekklesia becomes exceedingly important because Jesus used it to refer to those people whom he would call out of the world to live only for him (Matthew 11:26-28; 2 Corinthians 5:14-15). They would be sinners called by the Gospel to a new life of righteousness (Romans 6:1-17; 2 Thessalonians 2:14). …

A Second Chance

I know personally of an unfortunate incident wherein some family members were mistakenly informed that a loved one had been found dead in her home. A daughter was nearly in shock by the time she reached the house and ran in crying, “Mother, mother” and she was truly surprised to see her mother walking into the room to meet her. Confused about the emotional upheaval of her daughter, the mother in turn came to an unwarranted conclusion that someone else in the family had died. Eventually, the whole matter was solved. There were tears of sadness and joy. Tears of sadness in that it could have been true that the mother had died and tears of joy that the mother was alive. I thought seriously concerning this bizarre incident and considered some important lessons that should be learned from this experience. 1. We must understand that life is very frail, brief and uncertain. Death can come so swiftly and when least expected (Hebrews 9:27; James 4:13-14). 2. While we live on this side of eternity, we should all prepare ourselves to meet the Lord in the judgment (Hebrews 3:7, 15; Romans 14:12). 3. When the ‘grim reaper’ comes to call on us, it will then be too late to prepare for eternity (Hebrews 9:27). 4. At death, our eternal destiny is forever determined (Luke 19:26). We will be judged individually according to our abilities and opportunities by the Word of God (2 Corinthians 5:10; John 12:48). 5. Sin will be not be overlooked …

Christian Speech: Do You Bridle Your Tongue?

First Kings 20:1-30 tells a story of Ben-Hadad who attempted to take Samaria, the capital city of the northern kingdom of Israel. He sent messengers to Ahab, the king of Israel, and demanded silver, gold, his loveliest wives and the king’s children. Ahab, so afraid of this Syrian king, willingly offered to submit to this cruel request. Ben-Hadad, who wanted to anger Israel into war, sent the messengers back saying that his servants would come the next day and take all from Israel that he liked. Ahab consulted his elders about this cruelty. The elders told him not to honor Ben-Hadad’s requests and this certainly meant war. Ben-Hadad then boasted that nothing would be left of Samaria except handfuls of dust. Ahab’s reply stated, “Let not the one who puts on his armor boast like the one who takes it off.” Through the providence of God, who was disrespected and displeased by Ben-Hadad’s boast, the innumerable army of Syria was defeated by the small army of Israel and Ben-Hadad was captured. This story illustrates the importance of the tongue in pleasing God. Although the northern kingdom of Israel repeatedly sinned against God, he was still their God. No one would destroy God’s people until he decided they were to be destroyed. Ben-Hadad’s boastful comment revealed a pride and arrogance that angered God. If Ben-Hadad had never said those words, if he had controlled his tongue, maybe God would have used him to punish the sins of Israel. Unfortunately for Syria, …

A Tribute to Mothers

If there is a greater experience upon this earth than fatherhood, it must be that of motherhood. When God created man and woman, he created them so that, like the plants and animals of the earth, they could reproduce themselves. God commanded Adam and Eve to “be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth.” When God gave that command, he brought this thing that we call motherhood into existence, and Eve experienced it at the time she gave birth to her firstborn son, Cain. I don’t know what kind of a mother Eve was, but she brought the man into the world from whom the very Son of God would descend. Therefore, mothers should be honored! Mothers should also be honored because, like Eve the mother of us all, they gave us the life that we have upon this earth. It is true that fathers begot us, but it is the mother who carried us in her womb, and then gave birth to us, making it possible for us to have life upon this earth. That means that we are blood of their blood, flesh of their flesh and bone of their bone! The mother to child relationship is the closest one on earth. It was through what the Bible calls “the travail” of their bodies that they brought us here to live peaceable and loving lives. After we have been conceived and born into this world, the work and responsibility of a mother does not end. We should honor …

Reasoning About Rebuke

(Therefore Stand, Vol. 18, No. 7, July 18, 2002, 54, 56.) Few enjoy being criticized, whether constructively or otherwise. The sting of rebuke is seldom pleasant (Hebrews 12:11). However, the wisdom literature of Scripture would point out to the discerning student the value of correction. Solomon wrote, “It is better to hear the rebuke of the wise than for a man to hear the song of fools” (Ecclesiastes 7:5). The wise man would also tell us, “Open rebuke is better than love carefully concealed” (Proverbs 27:5). And in the New Testament we learn that rebuke along with reproof and exhortation is a vital ingredient in the exercise of preaching the word (2 Timothy 4:2; cf. Titus 1:13; 2:15). The question is, “How should we respond if someone rebukes us, or in other words, seeks to correct us?” Again, feeling the rod of correction is not often enjoyable. A real propensity exists for the one being rebuked to lash out at his critic. “How dare you say that to me…” or “What about you…” may be some of the things said by someone feeling the pain of discipline. But how should we respond when criticized constructively or in some other fashion? Consider, when on the receiving end of rebuke, the need to: Listen objectively to what is being said (James 1:19). Ask yourself: “Is what my critic is saying true?” If it is true, then learn from it and let the person who helped you know how much you love them for helping you. …

Esther Crossword Puzzle

(Crossword Puzzle is Internet Interactive; do the puzzle online.) You need Java enabled to view the crossword applet. Solution

Descent of the Mount of Olives

At the time Jesus lived, there was an arched bridge built from the east gate of the Temple to the Mount of Olives. This bridge kept someone from having to go down into the valley to get from one place to the other. This was important, as the valley was considered unclean. We know from historical sources that the east wall of the Temple was built shorter than the other four walls. This was so that when the High Priest went out of the camp to sacrifice the red heifer he could see the Temple from where he was standing. The Mount of Olives was directly east of the Temple. From this and historical sources we know that the red heifer was sacrificed on the Mount of Olives. So, the bridge was the way the High Priest went to get from the Temple to the Altar on the Mount of Olives. The paved road from the bridge to the Altar area was known as The Descent of the Mount of Olives. The whole distance from the Temple steps of the East Gate to the top of the Mount of Olives was considered the most holy road into the Temple. In Luke 19:28-40, we read about Jesus riding into Jerusalem on a donkey. Verse 37 says that he came nigh “at the descent of the mount of Olives.” Jesus was on this most holy road going into Jerusalem. As the crowd surrounded him and praised him as King and as Hosanna …

The Cursed Fig Tree

In Matthew 21:17-20, we read about Jesus cursing a fig tree on the Mount of Olives. He was coming from Bethany and going into Jerusalem. We know that the village of Bethphage was very close to Bethany. Bethphage means “house of figs.” It is very likely that the fig tree in our verses was near Bethphage. Jesus was hungry and saw a fig tree with leaves on it. This was not the season for figs to be ripe. In fact, this was not even the season for the fig tree to have leaves. When Jesus found that the tree did not have any fruit, he told the tree that it would never again give fruit. It quickly withered away. Jesus was giving a lesson by cursing the tree. He was telling us that it is wrong to put on a false face. We should not give the impression that we are doing something when we really are not. The tree gave the impression that it was giving fruit. It really was not. But an even more important message was in what Jesus did. The Jewish Sanhedrin had a special meetinghouse in Bethphage. The Sanhedrin were in charge of judging many things of a secular and of a holy nature. They set the limits on legal measurements. In fact, the Sanhedrin would have probably been the ones who made the final judgment regarding the crucifixion of Christ. Jesus was making a point that the Sanhedrin had a face of being fruitful …

The Joy of Preaching

Some people work at what they do out of necessity, some out of joy and some because they can’t do anything else. Preaching involves all three of these motives. Some preach out of necessity. By that I mean the kind of necessity the apostle Paul felt when he said, “For though I preach the gospel, I have nothing to glory of: for necessity is laid upon me; yea, woe is unto me, if I preach not the gospel” (1 Corinthians 9:16). Some preach out of the pure joy of doing so. Only a joyful preacher could be a worthy vessel of “glad tidings of good things” (Romans 10:15). Some preach because they cannot do anything else. I don’t mean that they lack the ability to learn to do something else. There are always possibilities at Wal-Mart. I mean that they, like Jeremiah of old, do not have the heart to do anything else (Jeremiah 20:7-9). When I was a preacher student at Freed-Hardeman College (now a university) twenty-five years ago, Tom Holland gave us that timeless advice, “Boys, if you can do anything else at all, don’t preach.” The real joy of preaching comes when you know that in preaching the Gospel you make a difference in someone’s life. It’s nice when people compliment your sermons, but the joy doesn’t lie there. It’s flattering when somebody says that you are his or her “favorite preacher” (every preacher is somebody’s favorite preacher). The joy doesn’t lie there. The joy comes when …

Victory in Battle

As the children of Israel marched through the Wilderness of Sin on their way to Mount Sinai, Amalek brought an army against them. Moses sent Joshua to choose some men to fight against them, but Moses himself went with Aaron and Hur to the top of a nearby hill. So, when Moses held the rod of God up by his hands, the Israelites prevailed, but when he lowered the rod, the Amalekites began winning. “But Moses’ hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun” (Exodus 17:12). If Christians, God’s people today (2 Corinthians 6:17-18), are to be strong and victorious in spiritual battle (Ephesians 6:10-17), we must recognize that we must each be willing to participate and fulfill our respective roles. The Israelites needed the strong leadership of Moses. They needed men such as Joshua who were preparing for leadership. They needed people who were willing to engage the enemy and fight for the cause. They needed those who supported the hands of Moses. And, most of all, they needed the LORD. Today, we need strong leadership. We need men preparing themselves for leadership. We need all people to participate and be active members of the Lord’s army. We need people who will support the hands of the …

Whose Child Are You?

It is a well-established fact that children take on the characteristics of their parents. This is explained in the Bible by what we call the seed principle, namely that everything, plant and animal, produces, “After his kind,” (Genesis1: 11, 12, 21, et al.) Farmers who plant corn expect to harvest, of all things, CORN! Contrary to the infamous theory of organic evolution, dogs do not produce cats; lizards do not produce birds; and monkeys do not produce people. This is true of human beings as well. Examining this subject in the negative, many times children have been disowned and disinherited because they offended their parents who felt that in some way, due to perhaps rash actions or decisions, their offspring no longer resembled them. The cutting phrase, “He’s no son of mine,” is sometimes heard because the child has done differently than his parents expected and is somewhat of a disappointment to them. This is, of course, tragic, but it is an occurrence that happens all too frequently. Jesus pointed this out in John 8:31-33: Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on him, If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed; And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. They answered him, We be Abraham’s seed, and were never in bondage to any man: how sayest thou, Ye shall be made free? To the first century Jew, just simply being born of Israel meant being in a covenant relationship with God, …

How Could It Happen?

For over two centuries, our nation has professed to have been established and to have been preserved by the providence of God. The citizens of the United States of America have long claimed to comprise a Christian nation. How, then, could our beloved country legalize homosexual marriages in direct contradiction to what God’s Word (the Bible) teaches about homosexuality? Yet, that is precisely what has transpired in America. A recent case in point is the judicial decision by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts when in November 2003 it ruled that barring same sex marriages was unconstitutional. How could it happen? Another recent episode in American current events respecting endorsement of homosexuality was the promotion to Bishop in the America Episcopal or Anglican Church of an openly avowed homosexual on November 2, 2003. The elevation of V. Gene Robinson to Bishop of Episcopal Church USA is threatening to split that church in America and further cause that denominational body to run amok with its European counterpart, as well as with its denominational and Catholic correspondents. One would think that a professedly Christian religion would have enough respect for God’s Word not to endorse precisely the things that the Bible condemns. How could it happen? Though there are many biblical passages that condemn homosexuality as sinful, notice the following sample of such references, before we direct our attention in this article otherwise. “Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, …